The
Tenses
Tenses means time, but
time is different from tenses.
1.
Time refers to: now, past,
and future.
2.
Tenses is a verb from or
series of verb forms.
There are 3 main
tenses in English:
1. The
Present Tense
2. The
past tense
3. The
Future Tense
And each of them has
four forms:
1.
Simple
2.
Continuous
3.
Perfect
4.
Perfect Continuous
A.
Simple Present Tense
Use:
(a)
To denote habituel action or
every day action.
e.g: I
pray everyday.
He
Usually gets up early.
(b)
To denote general truths or
unchanging truths about the universe or nature.
e.g: The
sun rises in the East and sets in the West.
A
week has seven days.
B.
Simple Past Tense
Use:
(a)
To express an activity in
adefinite time in the past.
e.g: He
was born in 1964.
She
came here yesterday.
(b)
To express past habitual
activities.
e.g: Ali
always worked hard when he was young.
We always played Basket
ball during our academic years.
C.
Present Continuous Tense
Use:
It is used to denote an action which is
still in progress at the moment of speaking.
e.g: The
sun is shining now.
They
are Studying English now.
She
is reading now.
D.
Present Perfect Tense
Use:
(a)
To express an activity which
is just finish and usually without any adverb of time.
e.g: they have finished their homework.
We
have discussed our lesson.
(b)
To express an activity which
is done some time in the past an go on until now.
e.g: She
has thought English since last
year.
They have lived here for two years.
E.
Past Perfect Tense
Use:
To express an activity which is complited
before another activity in the past.
e.g: He
had arrived at the home before it
rained
Angie
went home after she had bought same
books.
I
had copied my leasson before the exam began.
F.
Past Continuous Tense
Use:
(a)
To express an activity in the
past which is interrupted by another activity.
e.g: they
were watching TV when somebody
knocked at the door.
While
I was bathing in the river I
heard a fearful cry.
(b)
To express an activites in
the past that happens in the same time.
e.g: Ali
was reading a magazine while
Johan was writing letters.
When
you called me, I was listening to the Radio.
G.
Present Future Tense
Use:
(a)
To express an action that
takes place at some definite future time.
e.g: I
shall write a letter tomorrow.
I
shall go to campus to night.
(b)
To express a future habitual
action or future state.
e.g: He
will go to school by bus next month.
She
will play a badminton next week.
H.
Future Continuous Tense
Use:
(a)
To express an action /
activity that will be in progress at a specific time in the near future.
e.g: Came to my house at seven o’clock
tomorrow, I shall be waiting for you.
They
will be studying at this school in a few years.
(b)
To express duration of some
specific future action/activity.
e.g: We
shall be working on out project for the next two weeks.
I
shall be speaking English for the next month.
I.
Future Perfect Tense
Use:
(a)
It is used to express an
action which will be completed at the certain time in the future.
e.g: Deni
will have written all the letters before she comes.
I
will have meet my loyal friend by next week.
(b)
It is used to express an action or state that
will be completed in the future prior to some other future time or event.
e.g: He
will have been here for one month at the end of this week.
They
shall have been here for one year at the end of this month.
J.
Present Perfect Continous
Tense
Use:
(a)
To express a situation or
habit in the past that continous up to the present.
e.g: We
have been living here for 5 years.
I
have been waiting for you since 8 o’clock.
(b)
To express the incompleteness
of an activity in progress.
e.g: She
has been reading newspaper.
I
have been remaining here.
K.
Past Perfect Continous Tense
Use:
(a)
To express an action/activity
or habit that takes place over a period of time in the past prior to some other
past event.
e.g: Ahmad had been playing in the
garden the whole morning, before their mother called them.
Before he entered the exam, he had
been studying hard for a month.
(b)
To express a past activity /
action that is in progress gets interrupted by another past action.
e.g: He
had been playing football when it rained so hard.
They
had been studying English when I
called them.
L.
Future Perfect continous
Tense
Use:
It is to express a durative or habitual
action that is takinh place in the present and that will continue into the
future up until or through a specific time.
e.g: I shall have been watching TV
for two hours by the time my father gets home from his office.
On the New Year she will
have been living with us for five month.
By the end of this year we shall have been
studying japanes for two years.
ADVERB
An adverb is a word which is used for
qualifiying the meaning of a verb, an adjective, other adverbs, a preposition
or a conjunction.
There are three kinds of adverb:
A.
Simple Adverb
1.
Adverb of Time
The
most inportant use of adverb of time: now, then, since, before, ago, already,
soon, immediately, instantly, presently, late, lately, early, afterwards,
today, yesterday, tomorrow, yet, still, ect.
e.g: I will go to Bali tomorrow.
Yesterday,
she met me at Jakarta.
2.
Adverb of Place
The
most inportant use of adverb of place are: here, there, above, below, in, out,
inside, outside, within, without, far, near, anywhere, everywhere, up, down,
ect.
e.g: You may stay here.
My
home is near the market.
3.
Adverb of Number
The
most common of an adverb of number are: once, twice, thrice, again, firstly,
secondly, thirdly, always, never, often, seldom, some times, ect.
e.g: I have a gathering twice a
week.
My teacher always speaks
English.
4.
Adverb of Manner, Quality Or State
The
most commonly used adverb of manner, quality or state are: badly, thus, so,
hard, fast, quickly, well, fluently, bravely, ect.
e.g:
Dedi did his work quickly.
All
students study hard for the examination.
5.
Adverb of Quantity, Extent,
or Degree
The
most important use of an adverb of quantity, extent, or degree are: very, too,
quite, much, almost, completely, little, somewhat, rather, so, half, partly,
wholly, entirely, totally, ect.
e.g: Emi sings very well.
Give me a little water.
B.
Interrogative Adverb
An
interrogative adverb is dividied into five kinds.
1.
Adverb of Time
e.g: When did you go to Bali?
2.
Adverb of Place
e.g: Where do you say prayer?
3.
Adverb of Manner, Quality, or
State
e.g: How did you do the pilgrimage?
4.
Adverb ofQuantity or Degree
e.g: How far was that news true?
5.
Adverb of Cause or Reason
e.g: Why did Johan Study seriusly?
C.
Relative Adverb
A
relative adverb establishes a relationship between one sentence or clause and
the preceding sentence or clause. The most commonly used relative adverbs are:
therefore, accordingly, moreover., beside, however, nevertheless, otherwise,
the, when, ect.
e.g: We
need much time, besides money.
Ely
is clever, furthermore she is friendly.
Nita
was given an instruction and acted accordingly.
Reference: Basic
English grammar, Drs Ahmad Izzan, M.Ag
English
For Islamic Studies, Sachri Ramdhan
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